the Ideal Gas Law is an equation you may or may not remember from high school chemistry.
PV = nRT
-  P = Pressure (must be an Absolute Pressure scale)
 
-  V = Volume
 
-  n = number of moles (number of atoms) gas
 
-  R = ideal gas constant = 8.3145 J/mol K 
 
-  T = temperature (always in degrees Kelvin for this calculation - absolute scale)
 
 
The form of the ideal gas law most applicable to engine management is n = PV / RT  By solving for n, we are solving for the actual airflow into the motor as estimated by pressure, temperature and volume factors measured elsewhere.
One random googled writeup from a college class: http://www.chm.davidson.edu/ChemistryApplets/GasLaws/GasConstant.html
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